441 stainless steel data sheet
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What is 441 stainless steel standard?
Grade 441 stainless steel is an 18% chromium, dual-stabilized ferritic stainless steel designated as UNS S44100. It is governed by standards such as ASTM A240 (for plate, sheet, and strip) and European standard EN 1.4509. Stabilized with niobium (columbium) and titanium, it offers high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance comparable to grade 304.
What material is 1.4509 Equivalent to?
The EN material 1.4509 (also known as X2CrTiNb18) is primarily equivalent to AISI / ASTM Grade 441 stainless steel. It is also closely related to American UNS designation S43940 (often grouped with or similar to AISI 439) and Japanese JIS standard SUS441.
441 stainless steel Chemical Composition (wt %) ASTM A240 / EN 10088-2
| Element | Carbon (C) | Silicon (Si) | Manganese (Mn) | Phosphorus (P) | Sulfur (S) | Chromium (Cr) | Nickel (Ni) | Nitrogen (N) | Ti + Nb (Stabilizers) |
| Min | - | - | - | - | - | 17.50 | - | - | 0.30 + 3xC |
| Max | 0.030 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 19.50 | 1.00 | 0.030 | 0.90 |
441 stainless steel Mechanical Properties
| Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°F) | 0.2% Yield Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) |
| 20 | 68 | 290 | 480 |
| 200 | 392 | 250 | 440 |
| 400 | 752 | 210 | 380 |
| 600 | 1112 | 150 | 220 |
| 800 | 1472 | 45 | 70 |
| 900 | 1652 | 20 | 35 |
441 stainless steel Physical Properties (Typical Values)
| Property | 20°C | 200°C | 400°C | 600°C | 800°C | 1000°C |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | 25.0 | 26.5 | 27.5 | 28.5 | 29.5 | 31.0 |
| Thermal Expansion (μm/m·°C) | - | 10.2 | 11.0 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 12.7 |
| Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 200 | 190 | 180 | 165 | 145 | - |
441 stainless steel Thermal Expansion Properties (Linear)
| Temperature Range (°C) | Coefficient (μm/m·°C) | Temperature Range (°F) | Coefficient (μin/in·°F) |
| 20 – 100 °C | 10.0 | 68 – 212 °F | 5.6 |
| 20 – 400 °C | 11.0 | 68 – 752 °F | 6.1 |
| 20 – 800 °C | 12.0 | 68 – 1472 °F | 6.7 |
441 stianless steel Oxidation Resistance
In high-temperature air, 441 stainless steel forms a dense, chromium-rich oxide scale that prevents further oxidation.
| Feature | Specification |
| Max. Service Temperature (Continuous) | 950°C (1742°F) |
| Max. Service Temperature (Intermittent) | 1000°C (1832°F) |
| Oxidation Type | Stable, protective Cr₂O₃ / (Ti,Nb)O₂ scale |
| Scaling Resistance | Excellent up to 950°C |
441 stainless steel annealing temperature
The annealing temperature for Grade 441 (UNS S44100 / EN 1.4509) ferritic stainless steel is typically between 1400°F and 1544°F (760°C to 840°C), or up to 1500°F – 1740°F (815°C – 950°C) depending on the specific mill processing, followed by rapid or air cooling.
441 Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistance
Atmospheric corrosion: Superior to Grade 409 and comparable to Grade 430.
Intergranular corrosion: Stabilization with titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) prevents sensitization (carbide precipitation) during welding, ensuring excellent corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
441 Stainless Steel Fabrication and Processing
Welding: Exhibits excellent weldability and is suitable for TIG, MIG, and spot welding processes. The use of filler metals such as 430LNb or Grade 441 is recommended to maintain the material's stabilization characteristics.
Formability: Possesses good ductility, making it suitable for tube bending, deep drawing, and hydroforming. Its R-value (plastic strain ratio) is higher than that of austenitic steels, making it ideal for manufacturing complex-shaped components.
Machinability: Comparable to other ferritic steel grades; chips tend to be "ribbon-like" or "long-strip" in form. Machining requires a constant feed rate and the use of sharp cutting tools.
441 Stainless Steel Applications
Automotive Exhaust Manifolds
Catalytic Converter Shells
Heat Exchangers
Furnace Components
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
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304 vs. 409 vs. 439 vs. 441 Stainless Steel: Key Differences
| Property / Feature | Grade 409 | Grade 439 | Grade 441 | Grade 304 |
| Microstructure | Ferritic | Ferritic | Ferritic | Austenitic |
| Nominal Chromium (Cr) % | 10.5 – 11.7% | 17.0 – 19.0% | 17.5 – 19.5% | 18.0 – 20.0% |
| Nominal Nickel (Ni) % | 0.5% max | 0.5% max | 1.0% max | 8.0 – 10.5% |
| Stabilizing Elements | Titanium (Ti) | Titanium (Ti) | Titanium + Niobium | None (unless 321/347) |
| Max. Service Temp (Oxidation) | 650°C (1200°F) | 850°C (1562°F) | 950°C (1742°F) | 870°C (1598°F) |
| High-Temp Creep Strength | Low | Moderate | High | Very High |
| Thermal Fatigue Resistance | Good | Better | Excellent | Poor |
| Thermal Expansion Rate | Low | Low | Low | High (40% higher) |
| General Atmospheric Corrosion | Fair (Browns easily) | Good | Good | Excellent |
| Pitting Resistance (PREN) | ~11 | ~17 | ~18 | ~19 - 21 |
| Chloride Stress Corrosion (SCC) | Highly Immune | Highly Immune | Highly Immune | Highly Vulnerable |
| Post-Weld Corrosion (HAZ) | Protected (by Ti) | Protected (by Ti) | Protected (by Ti+Nb) | Sensitive (Needs 304L) |
What is the difference between SS 441 and 304?
The primary difference is that SS 441 is a nickel-free, ferritic stainless steel stabilized with titanium and niobium, making it magnetic and cost-effective. In contrast, SS 304 is an austenitic stainless steel containing about 8% to 10.5% nickel, making it non-magnetic, highly ductile, and superior in general corrosion resistance.
What is the difference between 441 and 439 stainless steel?
contains niobium (columbium) for dual stabilization with titanium, giving it higher high-temperature strength and better creep resistance than 439, which is mainly titanium-stabilized. Both are ferritic, low-nickel 400-series alloys with similar chromium levels (around 17.5%–18.5%)
